Corporate Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corporate Culture - Essay Example Corporate culture also assesses on how to study the employee relations within the organization. This involves studying their attitudes, their interpersonal relationships, job satisfaction, and their overall commitment (Anthony, 1994, 23). Therefore, corporate culture mainly asserts the behaviour of employees and their commitment to the success of the organization. According to Willmott, the major concern of corporate culture should be winning the hearts and minds of the employees. This involves defining what they feel, what they think and how they end up acting in the organization. Willmott also asserts that the management should not only concentrate on the behaviour of the employees. Instead, it should also focus on changing their thoughts and feelings towards the organization (Willmott, 1993, 517). This can be argued form the point of view that; people are able to fake their behaviour, but they cannot fake their thoughts or their feelings. An organization should be concerned about the feelings of the employees because; employees are a major valuable asset to the organization. It is the employees who define the direction of the employees and thus, their actions are extremely crucial to the organization as a whole. Changing the thinking of the employees implies that they will have the organization at the back of their minds whenever they do anything. On the other hand, conforming of employees’ feelings implies that; the employees will always have the organization at their best interests (Clegg, Kornberger, Pitsis, 2008, 13). This is a case whereby; the employees cannot do or behave in a way that can cause harm to the organization. This also involves protecting the image of the organization as if it were their own. This implies that; once the organization has changed the minds and hearts of the employees, the employees will have all their eyes and ears open on behalf of the whole organization. Therefore, at no one point will the employees act without havi ng positive interests on the organization. However, the management is advised to implement change in the minds and hearts of the employees in such a way that the employees will also benefit from the change (Keller, 2008, 1). Willmott asserts that corporate culture requires employees to devote themselves to the organization and to its values and beliefs. Therefore, by encouraging employees to be devoted to the organization, the employees are consequently required to recognize and be concerned about the security of their employment in relation to their contribution to the organization. Corporate culture seeks to immerse the employees to the organization and thus, requires their full commitment to the operation of the organization (Willmott, 1993, 522). Willmott also provides that organizations will benefit more when they focus on changing the minds and the hearts of their employees. This implies that the management should focus on influencing the way employees think and feel about the organization. Different organizations apply different strategies of changing the thoughts and acts of the employees. However, still they all manage to achieve the goal of changing the minds and hearts of their employees. One key strategy that can help the management of an organization to change the thinking of employees is setting of the right example (Aiken, Galper, Keller, 2011, 51). This is usually the first step of achieving a different behaviour with employees. This is because; the employees will not change unless they first observe it from the leaders themselves. Therefore, the management should first lead by example. This way, it will be able to encourage employees to change too.

Ultraviolet light Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ultraviolet light - Essay Example One common source of UV light is produced through black lights. These devices are lamps that are designed to produce electromagnetic radiation that is still ultraviolet yet remains partially visible. This process can be accomplished through any number of means but the effect can be achieved simply though the application of a filter that removes some of the visible light. Ultimately it is among the safest forms of the light as it to the UVA region and has a relatively long range. This long-range translates to a low frequency which ultimately means that it is low energy. Although some negative health consequences can result from intense or long term exposure it is still considered relatively harmless. This brings into question whether or not there are any beneficial effects of UC light. It is the case that UV light is a kind of double edged sword as there are both beneficial and harmful effects. UV light helps stimulate the production of vitamin D in humans. However prolonged exposure can cause painful sunburns and even alter human DNA and ultimately cause the growth of certain types of cancer.

Case Study Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Health And Social Care Essay

Case Study Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Health And Social Care Essay A 72 year old male patient, smoker and family history of AAA, was referred by his GP to x-ray department. With clinical indication of fall at stairs 2 weeks ago and pain in lower back and right hip, to have an x-ray of lumbar spine and pelvis. After justifying the request card and check his details, they did AP and Lateral of his lumbar an AP examination of pelvis. And they send him back to have a result by his GP after 10 days. Radiologist reported on his x-rays and sends it back to the GP. There was an evaluation of the classification in the abdomen and suspected abdominal aortic aneurysm. So GP asked him to attend the surgery to discuss the x-ray result, and request an ultrasound of abdomen to have a better result and rough indication of the internal diameter and accurate assessment .Gp asked him to wait until he received appointment letter from hospital. After 4 weeks he had his appointment. Clinical indication was classification on lumbar x-ray, query abdominal aneurysm. Before he goes to do the screening he was fast for eight hours because food and liquid in the stomach and urine in the bladder can make it difficult to a get clear picture of the aorta for the ultrasound technician. He changed into a gown. Radiologist asked him to lie on his back and then he applied small amount of cold gel in his abdomen because the air between the skin and aorta will help to reduce by using the gel, by pressing the transducer against the skin over the abdomen. Radiologist monitored blood flow through the abdominal aorta to check for an aneurysm (Myo clinical staff 2010 and NHS website 2010). After procedure he discussed the result with patient. And reported the scan to his GP. The evaluation of ultrasound scan was an abdominal aortic aneurysm which was 4.5 cm. Heart was in normal size. No evidence of any significant mediastinal mass or lymph node enlargement. Kidneys were in normal sizes. The routine measurements and protocol are: Longitudinally, will examine the aorta from diaphragm to bifurcation, and will Document the length of the aneurysm and measure the anteroposterior (AP) diameter from outer wall to outer wall, and also will examine the iliac arteries to the iliac bifurcation and measure aneurysm from outer wall to outer wall. Transversically will Document the maximum diameter of the aorta at the diaphragm, superior mesenteric artery (SMA), and distally, and Measure AP and transverse diameters from outer wall to outer wall, also will Visualize the iliac arteries and measure aneurysms (Vikram and Deborah 2004). GP reoffered him to vascular surgeon, after 3 weeks he met the surgeon, He reviewed his medical history and discussed the x-ray and ultrasound result with him And rerecommend him watchful waiting, it means that the if aneurysm was smaller than 2 inches (5 centimetres) in diameter, it is not serious enough to require surgery. In this case, his doctor will check his condition every six months using additional ultrasound exams or other imaging tests until aneurysm reaches to 5.5cm (Medline Plus 2004). He also asked him to quit smoking, because Smokers are approximately 5times as likely as non-smokers to develop AAA (Hafez 2008). Six month after In Dec 2007 he received his second appointment for scan of his abdomen. He attends his appointment with same procedure. There was a small amount of increase in his aneurysm. Therefore report was send to Gp. Evaluation was 4.7cm aortic aneurysm. In April 2008 he had another scan with aneurysm with 5.2cm aneurysm. He could not stop smoking, but his GP strongly advised him to stop smoking. In March 2009, it was 5.6cm aneurysm and if the abdominal aortic aneurysm expands by more than 0.6 to 0.8cm per year, repair is usually recommended (Robert et al 2008). http://www.e-radiography.net/radrep/Vascular/Vascular_AAA_US_55mm/Vascular_AAA_US_55_long.jpg Radiological Report : US Abdominal Aorta : The maximum A.P. internal diameter of the abdominal aorta is 5.6 cms. Mural thrombus reduces the internal diameter to 2.0cms (x-ray 2000).   Vascular surgeon discussed with patient that he need a surgery as soon as possible, also explained the existence of two possible methods of repair and to outline the major risks and benefits of each. The traditional (open) surgical approach involves direct exposure of the aneurysm followed by replacing the aneurismal part of the aorta with a synthetic graft. Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is a more modern and less invasive technique which is becoming widely used (Hafez 2008). Patient preffered to have EVAR operation, but everybody is not suitable for EVAR, because of the shape of their aneurysm. So he was asked to have a CT angiogram to check if he is suitable for EVAR, otherwise he should have open surgery (NICE 2006). Surgeon request CT angiogram for him with clinical indication of EVAR 5.6cm in ultrasound scan. The week after he had a CT angiogram aorta. The technologist asked him if he has allergy to any contrast media, then positioned him on the CT examination table, lying flat on his back. He inserted an intravenous (IV) line into a small vein in his arm. A small dose of contrast material injected through the IV to determine how long it takes to reach the area under study. Week after the surgeon received the report from Radiologist. Evaluation of CT scan was a 6.2cm infrarenal AAA with a satisfactory neck and good potential common iliac landing zones suitable for EVAR ( Bhattacharya ). He asked to attend a pre-operative assessment clinic to meet his surgeon and other members of clinical team. They took his medical history and carried out a physical examination. The surgical team carried out a number of tests to make sure that he is healthy enough to have an anaesthetic and surgery. The tests were included: Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) levels, to monitor oxygenation, ventilation, and acid base status. Complete blood count to monitor Red blood cell, White blood cell(WBC), and platelet counts altered haemoglobin levels and hematocrit reflect any blood loss and the oxygen carrying ability of the blood. An elevated WBC count reflects an inflammatory response. Serum electrolyte panel-monitors fluid ,electrolyte, and acid base status Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, to monitor renal function. Blood coagulation studies to monitor clotting. Urinalysis to monitor renal status including secretion and concentration Blood crossmatching necessary for blood replacement Electrocardiography (ECG) may reveal cardiac changes associated with ischemia Chest X-ray may reveal abnormalities of the chest, heart and lungs (Holloway 2004). his RWS was 4.6 M/mcL, WBC: 6 K/mm^, haemoglobin levels: 11 g/dL, Hematocrit 44%, Blood urea nitrogen 13 mg/dL, Bilirubin, direct 0.2 mg/dL, Bilirubin, total 0.2 mg, Creatinine 0.8 mg/dL,( GAIL  HOOD 2007). The surgical team gave him advice about what he can do to prepare for surgery, and they also asked him about his home circumstances so that his discharge from hospital can be planned. If he still smoker, he strongly advised to stop smoking as soon as surgery is required. Research has found that people who stop smoking for at least two months before having surgery are four times less likely to experience complications following surgery compared with those who smoke. He already stopped smoking. Surgeon discussed him what will happen before, during and after his procedure, and any pain he might have. On admission day which was the week after, he was seen by one of the junior doctors who was obtained a detailed medical history and did a full physical examination. Blood tests were repeated and any pending investigations (for example heart scan) performed. One of the more senior doctors took through the consent form which you was required to sign before they can proceed with surgery. He was fasting from midnight before the procedure. Nursing care was focused on restoring and maintaining hemodynamic stability. Administer supplemental oxygen, monitor the patients cardiovascular status, insert two large-bore I.V. devices, and fluid resuscitate with 0.9% sodium chloride or lactated Ringers solution if hes hypotensive (Raymond 2006). He was taken to the theatre complex in his bed, In the anaesthetic room. the anaesthetist gave him an epidural and involves a needle puncture into his back. He also had a tube in his bladder, so that they could monitor the function of his kidneys; a tube in his hand, so that they could monitor his blood pressure. Then he transferred to the recovery area in the theatre complex, where he was taken care of by one of the recovery nurses pending transfer to the High Dependency Unit or the Vascular Ward. All the above mentioned tubes stayed in till the next morning, when all the tubes are removed and was encouraged to start walking and moving around. They gave him aspirin and cholesterol-lowering medication. He strongly advised to stay on these for life to reduce the risk of developing heart problems or having a stroke as he grow older. During his hospital stay, he was getting a mini-injection of heparin (Fragmin). This will thin his blood and prevent him from getting clots whilst he is in hospital (Inglott 2007). So surgeon start elective surgery to repair an aorta. He made small cut in his groin and passed up a catather inside an artery in his leg until it reached the area of the aneurysm. A compressed stent graft was fed to the site of the aneurysm. The procedure was guided using intensifier x-ray machine and radiographer took images step by step. The stent graft is made of a tube supported by a metal mesh. The stent graft was placed across the aneurysm. The stent kept the aorta open and aneurysm was protected from further pressure. The stent graft is slowly released from the delivery system into the aorta. As the stent graft is released, it was expanded to its proper size so that it snugly fits into aorta both above and below the aneurysm The guide wire is then removed from the Body. The stent graft remained inside the aorta permanently. Imaging procedures was Performed to check whether the stent graft is properly placed. the cut was closed with stitches and a dressing was placed over the stitches. (Bupas Health Information Team 2010). After the procedure, his breathing tube removed and he was taken to the intensive care unit for recovery. He received fluids and nutrition through his IV. The catheter in his bladder was remained in place for several days. The hospital stay was 5 days. During this time he was encouraged to get up and out of bed. Complete recovery was 3 months. In order to detect any complication he had need to follow-up carefully, particularly in the early stages. CT angiography was performed at day 2 after placement. No evidence of endoleak was detected during arterial phase scanning or after a 2-min delay. The patient was discharged without complication.Follow-up CT angiography was performed at 1 month and five month. Then every year after that, to make sure there are not any problems. Discussion: Aorta is the main blood vessel in body. This carries blood from heart to the rest of the body. The part of the aorta in the abdomen is called the abdominal aorta. It supplies blood to the stomach, pelvis and legs. An aneurysm is a weak area in a blood vessel. If a blood vessel weakens, it starts to bloat like a balloon and becomes unusually big. If an aneurysm forms on the abdominal aorta and grows too big, the aorta might tear or rupture (Upchurch and Schaub April 1, 2006, Heather 2008). The most common of these aneurysms known as abdominal aortic aneurysms AAA, is below the origin of the arteries to the kidneys. A more anatomically correct description would be infrarenal aortic aneurysms. In men, the maximum normal aortic diameter at this level should not exceed 2.5 cm. An aorta that is 3 cm or more in diameter at this level qualifies as being aneurismal. The prevalence of AAA varies according to ethnicity, age and gender. Men are six times more likely to be affected by this condition. At the age of 65 years, 3% of men will have an AAA. The popularity then increases with age to reach nearly 8% at the age of 80. AAAs represents nearly 98% of aneurysms of the whole aorta (Hafez 2008). The rate of growth and the risk of rupture increase exponentially with the diameter of the aneurysm, with a watershed level for serious risk at about 5.5cm. Therefore until the patient is gravely ill from other causes, any aneurysm wider than 5.5 cm should be operated upon electively (Raymond 2006 and Dillon et al 2010).Abdominal aortic aneurysm is usually asymptomatic .smoking and high blood pressure, are most important risk factors (patient booklet 2009 and Hafez 2008) About 80% of patients who present with a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm have no previous diagnosis. When rupture occurs, mortality is very high (Scot et al 2008 and Philip et al 2009).February On physical examination, AAAs with 3 to 3.9 cm range are palpable 29% of the time, compared with those with an AAA more than 5 cm. which can be palpated 76% of the time (Gilbert et al 2008). The symptoms associated with AAAs are: blurred abdominal or back pain, abdominal pulsatile and abdominal mass may be present in obese patients, Palpation of aneurysm may be difficult Early satiety, nausea or vomiting may occur due to duodenal compression. Ruptured or leaking aneurysms may present with severe back, abdominal, or flank pain that may radiate to the groin Hypertension or tachycardia Syncope Abdominal mass on exam Signs of retroperitoneal hematoma (Scott et al 2004 and Rosalyn 2006 and Louise and Anderson 2001). Compared with open surgery, EVAR has lower operative mortality, lower morbidity, and shorter length of hospital stay and greater likelihood of discharge to home than open surgery (Schermerhorn 2009) CT is the next step to help determine which treatment should be used (endovascular or open surgery) .Serial CT scans can be used to visualise the proximal neck (the transition between the normal and aneurysmal aorta), the extension to the iliac arteries, and the patency of the visceral arteries. They can also measure the thickness of the mural thrombus. With three-dimensional imaging, helical CT and CT angiography can provide additional anatomical details, especially useful if endovascular procedure is considered.( Akalihasan et al 2011and Macari et al 2001) Informed consent for any AAA repair must include accurate information about the reason for recommending surgery (i.e. the risk of aneurysm rupture without surgery), the reason for recommending either open or endovascular surgery and about the likely outcomes. Warn about the site and size of the surgical scar, about wound infection and incisional hernia formation, about deep venous thrombosis and particularly about sexual dysfunction which, it appears, may be equally common after open and endovascular repair (Brian 2008). If the patient is hypertensive, administer beta-blockers and nitroprusside as ordered. Manage pain with morphine sulfate or hydromorphone to keep him comfortable and to combat pain-induced increases in BP, heart rate, and oxygen demand (GAIL  HOOD 2007). Gilbert R. Upchurch, Jr, MD; Christopher Longo, MD; John E. Rectenwald, MD,March 2008 Volume 63. Number 3 Geriatrics) Upchurch, Jr. G.R. (M.D.) and Schaub, T.A. (M.D.) (April 1, 2006) Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm American Family Physician online. Available from: http://www.aafp.org/afp/20060401/1198.html [Accessed 16/2/2011] Heather, B. P. ( 2008 ) Abdominal aortic aneurysms, screening and the law AvMA Medical Legal Journal,Volume 14 Number 2 online. Available from: Myo clinical staff,June 23, 2010, © 1998-2010 Abdominal ultrasound Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER).online, available at: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/abdominal-ultrasoundWhat you can expect/,MY00076/DSECTION=what-you-can-expect[accessed 23/1/2011] http://www.ruh.nhs.uk/patients/services/vascular/documents/Endovascular_Aneurysm_Repair_Patient_Information.pdf, accessed 21st DEC 2010 Ultrasound secrets,  By Vikram Dogra, Deborah J. Rubens,2004 ,Philadelphia,Pensilvania Abdominal aortic aneurysm. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Available at: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000162.htm. Accessed September 12, 2004 Abdominal aortic aneurysm disease: health risks,management and screening Hany Hafez Clinical Risk 2008; 14: 208-210 DOI: 10.1258/cr.2008.080076 what is ct angiography aorta of abdominal aortic aneurysm Stoeltings anesthesia and co-existing disease Robert K. Stoelting, Roberta L. Hines, Katherine E. Marschall 2008 676 pages Abdominal aortic aneurysm disease: health risks,,management and screening,Hany Hafez Clinical Risk 2008; 14: 208-210 DOI: 10.1258/cr.2008.080076 (http://www.healthcarerepublic.com/news/766641/ Abdominal aortic aneurysm is the cause of more than 6,000 deaths per year. By Mr Vish Bhattacharya) h ttp://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=angioct (http://www.healthcarerepublic.com/news/766641/ Abdominal aortic aneurysm is the cause of more than 6,000 deaths per year. By Mr Vish Bhattacharya) Medical-surgical care planning,  By Nancy Meyer Holloway, 2004, Lippincott William Wilkins http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/repairofabdominalaneurysm/Pages/Preparation.aspx http://www.stent-graft.com/id11.html,  Dr Ferdinand Inglott, consultant Vascular and Endovascular Surgeon at the Manchester Royal Infirmary,2007 Bupas Health Information Team, July 2010. Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR),online at: http://www.bupa.co.uk/healthinformation/directory/e/endovascular-repair, [accessed 16/2/2011]. (General surgical operations Page 432 Raymond Maurice Kirk 2006 723 pages Preview) Hany Hafez,2008, Abdominal aortic aneurysm disease: health risks, management and screening, Clinical Risk, Volume 14 Number 6 General surgical operations Raymond Maurice Kirk 2006 Page 432,Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Endovascular treatment for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm,Dillon M, Cardwell C, Blair PH, Ellis P, Kee F, Harkin DW,The Cochrane Collaboration, currently published in The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010 Issue 12, Copyright  © 2010 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.. PATIENT INFORMATION BOOKLET ,Endovascular Stent Grafts:A treatment for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms,2009 Medtronic, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in USA. UC200805202aEN 4/09  ©2009 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. (Reprinted) JAMA, November 11, 2009-Vol 302, No. 18 Abdominal aortic aneurysm disease: health risks,management and screening Hany Hafez Clinical Risk 2008; 14: 208-210 DOI: 10.1258/cr.2008.080076 Scott Davarn, MD Rob Reardon, MD Scott Joing, MD Academic Emergency MedicineVolume 14, Issue 4, Article first published online: 28 JUN 2008 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1197/j.aem.2007.01.001/pdf Philip E. Baker Kumar V. Ramnarine,2009, Development and Application of an Experimental Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Model, Ultrasound 2009;17(1):30-34 _ British Medical Ultrasound Society 2009 University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Department of Medical Physics, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UKULTRASOUND N February 2009 N Volume 17 N Number 1 URASOUND N February 2009 N Volume 17 N Number 1 ).- Abdominal aortic aneurysm Gilbert R. Upchurch, Jr, MD; Christopher Longo, MD; John E. Rectenwald, MD, March 2008 Volume 63. Number 3 Geriatrics Screening programmes ,Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm , © NHS Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Screening Programme 2010 Produced by COI for the NHS ,401590/C 1p December 2010, http://aaa.screening.nhs.uk/ Baker L;  Anderson E, 2010 May; Abdominal aortic aneurysm: simple screening could save lives, Primary care nurse practitioner, Generations Family Health Center, Norwich, CT, American Journal for Nurse Practitioners (AM J NURSE PRACT), 2010 May; 14(5): 29-34 (27 ref), journal article pictorial, tables/charts. In a Page Surgery  By Scott Kahan, John J. Raves,2004,Lippincott Williams Wilkins,Philadelphia Rosalyn Gendreau , 2006, Is it a kidney stone or abdominal aortic aneurysm? : 22-4 (journal article pictorial) Louise A. Anderson, MS, RN,2001, Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm,,THE JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR NURSING/,Article 1 5/21/01 11:11 PM Page 1, J Cardiovasc Nurs 2001;15(4):1-14, © 2001 Aspen Publishers, Inc Marc Schermerhorn, MD, Discussant ©2009 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. (Reprinted) JAMA, November 11, 2009-Vol 302, No. 18 online available at http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/302/18/2015.full.pdf+html, [accessed 14/2/2011]. Royal United Hospital Bath, NHS, Endovascular Aneurysm Repair Patient Information, http://www.ruh.nhs.uk/patients/services/vascular/documents/Endovascular_Aneurysm_Repair_Patient_Information.pdf, accessed 21st DEC 2010 NICE 2006 Abdominal aortic aneurysm ,N Sakalihasan, R Limet, O D Defawe,2011 at http://www.surgical-tutor.org.uk/default-home.htm?specialities/general/aaa.htm~right Michael Macari, MD, Gary M. Israel, MD,Phillip Berman, BA, Maria Lisi, BA, Anuj J. Tolia, BA, Mark Adelman, MD, Alec J. Megibow, MD, MPH, August 2001 Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic, Aneurysms at Multi-Detector, Row CT Angiography: Intravascular Enhancement without a Timing Acquisition1,520 z Radiology Macari et al, Volume 220 z Number 2 Abdominal aortic aneurysms, screening and the law ,Brian P Heather, AvMA Medical Legal Journal, 2008 Volume 14 Number 2 at http://cr.rsmjournals.com/content/vol14/issue2/ http://www.nursingcenter.com/prodev/ce_article.asp?tid=693846 (How to protect a patient with aortic aneurysm GAIL  HOOD  IRWIN RN, CEN, BSN   Nursing2007 ,February 2007   ,Volume 37  Number 2,Pages  36  

Comparing Rocking-Horse Winner, Prussian Officer, and Second Best Essay

Differences in Rocking-Horse Winner,  Prussian Officer, and Second Best Works by the same author often show the repeated use of certain words, images, or plots. In five short stories by the author, D.H. Lawrence, differences between social classes are the basis for conflict and provide the foundation for taboo relationships. These five stories are "The Rocking-Horse Winner," "The Prussian Officer," "Second Best," "The White Stocking," and "The Daughters of the Vicar." The inclusion of the motif of class differences in these particular works often leads to acts of violence or tragedy as the outcome. In "The Rocking-Horse Winner," a relationship forms between the pseudo- aristocratic Paul and his family's gardener, Bassett. Paul's family is not by any means rich, but "they felt themselves superior to anyone in the neighborhood." Bassett, in contrast, is a young war veteran turned gardener with a passion for horse racing. It turns out that this passion is shared by Paul and his uncle Oscar, as well. Oscar is at first disapproving of the relationship between "old man" Bassett and his nephew, but the love for horse racing and gambling puts them on the same level. The class difference between the men is used by Lawrence to show that debt and greed are universal desires — they are not confined to the lower classes. The fatal climax of the story is sadly also its end. When Paul falls off of the rocking-horse and lies dying in his bed, his mother is brought down from her imaginary pedestal of social superiority and allows Bassett (with whom the boy's "intense hours" were spent) t o visit with him. The story ends tragically with social differences being readily apparent. "The Prussian Officer" is similar to "The Rocking-Horse Wi... ...is a result, whether direct or indirect, of tragedy and/or violence. "The Rocking Horse Winner" and "The Prussian Officer" describe the brutish deaths of the protagonist, while "Second Best" shows the perversity of a cross-class mating ritual. "The Daughters of the Vicar" is a tragedy due to the death of a character as well as the sentencing of the two heroes to a life of seclusion and tribulation. Motifs can come in many forms, and the stories of D.H. Lawrence can be linked in a variety of ways. Interestingly enough, as illustrated by this essay, one of the strongest links has to do with the differences between people and the problems that relationships between them can cause. Works Cited: Lawrence, David Herbert. "The Rocking-Horse Winner". Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing. Ed. Laurie G. Kirzner and Stephen R. Mandell. Forth Worth: Harcourt, Inc., 2001 Comparing Rocking-Horse Winner, Prussian Officer, and Second Best Essay Differences in Rocking-Horse Winner,  Prussian Officer, and Second Best Works by the same author often show the repeated use of certain words, images, or plots. In five short stories by the author, D.H. Lawrence, differences between social classes are the basis for conflict and provide the foundation for taboo relationships. These five stories are "The Rocking-Horse Winner," "The Prussian Officer," "Second Best," "The White Stocking," and "The Daughters of the Vicar." The inclusion of the motif of class differences in these particular works often leads to acts of violence or tragedy as the outcome. In "The Rocking-Horse Winner," a relationship forms between the pseudo- aristocratic Paul and his family's gardener, Bassett. Paul's family is not by any means rich, but "they felt themselves superior to anyone in the neighborhood." Bassett, in contrast, is a young war veteran turned gardener with a passion for horse racing. It turns out that this passion is shared by Paul and his uncle Oscar, as well. Oscar is at first disapproving of the relationship between "old man" Bassett and his nephew, but the love for horse racing and gambling puts them on the same level. The class difference between the men is used by Lawrence to show that debt and greed are universal desires — they are not confined to the lower classes. The fatal climax of the story is sadly also its end. When Paul falls off of the rocking-horse and lies dying in his bed, his mother is brought down from her imaginary pedestal of social superiority and allows Bassett (with whom the boy's "intense hours" were spent) t o visit with him. The story ends tragically with social differences being readily apparent. "The Prussian Officer" is similar to "The Rocking-Horse Wi... ...is a result, whether direct or indirect, of tragedy and/or violence. "The Rocking Horse Winner" and "The Prussian Officer" describe the brutish deaths of the protagonist, while "Second Best" shows the perversity of a cross-class mating ritual. "The Daughters of the Vicar" is a tragedy due to the death of a character as well as the sentencing of the two heroes to a life of seclusion and tribulation. Motifs can come in many forms, and the stories of D.H. Lawrence can be linked in a variety of ways. Interestingly enough, as illustrated by this essay, one of the strongest links has to do with the differences between people and the problems that relationships between them can cause. Works Cited: Lawrence, David Herbert. "The Rocking-Horse Winner". Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing. Ed. Laurie G. Kirzner and Stephen R. Mandell. Forth Worth: Harcourt, Inc., 2001

Nikita Khrushchev Nikita

Khrushchev was a self-made man, even with his unfortunate and harsh upbringing he still managed to make a name for himself. He became one of the most powerful and influential leaders In Russia, simultaneously holding the offices of Premier of the U. S. S. R. And First Secretary of the Communist Party. Strong willed, and committed, Nikkei Khrushchev fought for what he believed in and striver to make his country, Russia, a better place. Nikolas Khrushchev was born In a southern Russian village of Slovakia on April 5th 1894 .He was born into a poor family as a result he had to help his father take care of the family at the tender age of fifteen . Ata young age he learned how to work hard and fend for himself, which is one of the reason he was such a strong leader, people could relate to him more than the upper and middle class politicians. He was then drafted Into the Czarist army during World War I and soon after willingly Joined the communist party and the Russian Red army stood agai nst the white army , people who favored the Czar Nobility.He got the education he needed as an adult so he could be appointed secretary of the communist party Committee. As he rose to power, he never used it to manipulate or harm his people unlike his successor Joseph Stalin. He believed his only Job, as a leader was to make his people happy and restore the lost honor of Russia. He wanted Russia to be Just as advanced as Its rival country; united States. He launched programs to promote agriculture, heavy Industrial and military production.HIS plan for agriculture had a huge Impact n soviet life, since new tractors and machinery were to be built it created more jobs, which boosted the Russian economy. It also increased the amount of crops produced during harvest; by almost triple the amount of crops . One of his main policies was peaceful coexistence; it assumes a readiness to solve all outstanding issues without resorting to force by means of negotiation and reasonable compromises. For example, he openly did not agree with capitalist but he still believed underlying Issues could be worked out without war.He didn't believe In forcing his Ideas on people and that people should believe what they wanted to without being penalized, it was almost like a democracy. Although he did many good things for his country, many historians disagree that Nikkei benefited Russia (Soviet Union) at all. In Fact some wonder if events such as the Berlin Scrolls would have happened If someone else ruled the Soviet union. The Berlin Mà ªlà ©es crisis was a huge misunderstanding. All countries were taking precautions. The U.S installed several missiles sites all over Europe and one appended to be in range to strike Moscow, the Capital of the Soviet union. As a precaution the soviets put missiles in Cuba that could strike almost any portion of the U. S . Any leader would have reacted this way but his funding of the missile development at the expense of naval and regular forces had ali enated the military. They say he failed to revive soviet agriculture because the steps taken to achieve his peace, he should have known that the capitalists would not succumb to his policies without a little force.In order for his policies to succeed he would need the full or charity support of his people. In contrast I don't think he failed, the agriculture industry boomed, and the economy skyrocketed because he created more Jobs. He also made his country more technologically advanced than any other ruler could. For example, tractors, missiles etcetera. Even though historians say he cause havoc, I don't think he should be blamed for the Berlin crisis, soviet-U. S antagonism would largely have remained and the world would still have been trapped in a cold war.

16th Century European Explorations Essay

What are the reasons that made the European explorers risk taking the hazardous journey to the Americans in the 16th century. The Europeans in the first place were not aware that there is a continent known as America and they came to know of it after Christopher Columbus went on his search for a route to the Far East but landed on the Americans by mistake. He thought he was already in India when he saw the Indian natives in the Americas. My main interest in this essay is to discuss about the three major reasons that made European explorers of the 16th century risk to move all the way from Europe to the Americas. Shortly after Columbus landed in the Americas, he explored further in this region sometimes back in 1492. His real intention was to look for a short cut to the East Asia but fortunately or unfortunately landed into the Americas. After further exploration, he found that the region had a very fertile soil for farming. When he returned to his mother country he told them how the area was suitable for agriculture, they European felt very intrigued to go and see for themselves. Many rich Spaniards who were facing sharp competition in their motherland Spain sent their envoys all the way to the Americas to look for a virgin place where they could establish their new businesses. On this understanding then they were motivated by commercial reasons. The European explorers and especially the Spaniards established their first settlement in Virginia at a place called Jamestown. Various companies that had already established themselves in Spain sent them to market these companies. The example of these companies was chartered Virginia Company which was seeking for new business opportunities. Most of these companies were in search of gold but when they realized it was not forthcoming they switched to plantation farming. At first they were reluctant but their leaders convinced them that its search was not addressing their immediate need that was affecting them and this was food. After this they established cash crop business especially at Maryland. In the beginning they used European immigrants and the local natives to work in these plantations but when they proved to be unable to meet the demand for the job, slaves started being shipped in form West Africa. The second reason why European explorers risked going to the Americas was the search for a free ground where they could practice their religion without fear of being persecuted. Most of these were Protestants who were against the Roman Catholic. Due to the 16th century protestant reformation different sects emerged, something that provoked the attention of the Western government as the Christendom of this region became disturbed by these divisions. One of these sects was Puritans who constantly questioned the integrity of the Roman Catholic. They were specifically concerned with the religions roles that were done by this church and yet they had no biblical backing. This group faced very strong resistance from the government authorities who were determined to crash them. They reacted to this move by persecuting all the puritans in their areas of jurisdiction. Due to this persecution, more than twenty thousand dissenters made their way to the new land when they went to the Americas, the Pennsylvanian authority making this colony to be a home for Quaker refugees, Baptists and Swiss Protestants, welcomed them. Those who faced persecution at home were lured with less costly land and religious freedom in the Americas and for these reasons they had to sail to Americas rather than face persecution at home at home. The third reason for the Europeans to go to the Americas is because they were sponsored by their mother states. No European nation wanted to be left behind in the exploration game. For example Christopher Columbus was sponsored by Spain to go on exploration expedition in a bid to look for a direct route to the Far East. Another sponsored explorer was a colonialist known as John Cabot. He was the first to discover the newfound land was sent by England. Portugal sent its own colonialists to explore on its behalf. Portugal sent Pedro Cabral to go to Brazil to look for colonies. The Portuguese sponsored explorers discovered Canada. What followed after these sponsored explorations was a wave of conquest especially on the part of the Spaniards. They were the first to establish a colonial rule in the Americas. Therefore we have seen that there were various reasons that forced the Europeans to sail all the way to the Americas despite the fact that they were not well familiar with this region. It is very clear that one of the reasons was commercial based, the second was because of church persecution in Europe and the last one was the temptation the explorers received from the European governments. So this exploration was not done for the sake of it but for specificreasons

World Press Freedom Day 2010 Essays

World Press Freedom Day 2010 Essays World Press Freedom Day 2010 Essay World Press Freedom Day 2010 Essay â€Å"The right to know is central for upholding other basic rights, for furthering transparency, justice and development. Hand-in-hand with the complementary notion of freedom of expression, it underpins democracy. We may not consciously exercise our right to know. But each time we pick up a newspaper, turn on the TV or radio news, or go on the Internet, the quality of what we see or hear depends on these media having access to accurate and up to date information†- Irina Bokova, Director-General, UNESCOThese are exactly the words that came to the UNESCO’s Director-General’s mouth upon giving her message to the world with regards to the celebration of World Press Freedom Day on May 3 of this year, 2010. As this celebration takes place, the emphasis on freedom of information as a fundamental part of the human rights of freedom of expression has been depicted clearly. With the global crisis about the freedom of self expression happening today, this celebration is p erfect for every country to contribute their own distinct conceptualizations as such. This paper will examine the ways on how the said celebration was celebrated by using the layer model. Depiction of an action made by a particular nation – Brazil, technological aftermath, and non-government organizations’ contribution in this issue will take place.Every nation bestowed their specific alertness with regards to this topic. But in Brazil’s case, this event is very significant as they go through a new phase of living. Just recently, their House of Representatives gave their approval to the General Law of Access Information (2009) which permits the public to have an access to all information concerning their nation. Apparently, this is fair enough as to give justice to Human Rights whereas each and every person is entitled to practice.Basically, this celebration was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly as early as the year 1993 as a result of the 26th G eneral Conference of UNESCO in 1991. It was intended to celebrate the rights of every citizen to be completely and truthfully informed about everything about their country through press freedom. In this way, not only the press freedom is practiced, but also democracy across the country. Given all the crisis and circumstances around the globe today, it is very essential to be granted such right to know what is happening being a citizen of your own country.Furthermore, news doesn’t only come from televisions, radios or newspapers today. Due to the continuous development of the world, the newly developed technologies also became sources of important information. These gadgets are as useful and helpful as the other means of communication; it actually provided the easier way. In fact, networks have set numerous subscription programs through mobile phones and internet to access news the most convenient possible way. This development is one of the most beneficial developments made f or the world industrialization.In this light, technological trends are examined in the research conducted by Graziano and Vink (2006); this study discusses the telecommunications policy as it has been used in political science during the present time. For instance, modernization is constantly affecting the subject. During early times, these issues are discussed only during private conference, shown in televisions, heard in radio stations, or read from newspapers. But because technology continuously conquers modern life, people tend to prefer it instead of the old type of getting news, but there are still few who use the old one though. Another study related to the aforementioned is Fransman (2002); its aim was to show both the uses and shortcomings of changes in Telecommunications Industry. The use of this industry for press or human rights purposes in political context is included in the scope of the research. Given all the beneficial result of its use, there are also existing dile mmas emerging while enjoying it. A tendency would be not everything that is relayed through the telecommunications industry is true. In that case, confusion can be developed on the minds of people which will worsen the status of the press freedom. Most probably, citizens will need to observe and study first which sources will most likely be reliable in this issue. Further explanations are provided in the given researches as they use the layer principle that contributes to the betterment of the research.Moreover, not only telecommunications industry is being used for freedom purposes. One technological trend today that can be considered the widely used one is the internet. According to Solum and Chung (2003), the effect on the shape and content of legal regulation of global network of networks by the internet is widely seen ever since it was established. Consequently, internet uses among citizens who seek for information have been rapidly increasing. Not to mention that journalists a nd other legal topic writers consider posting of their informative articles on the web so that people will easily access it without certain restrictions. However, this research seeks to provide safety protocols on the use of the world-wide-web most especially for political science purposes.As a contribution for this celebration, ARTICLE 19 offices are acknowledging World Press Freedom Day and the Right to Information with numerous events around the world. It supports activities done by every country in celebration of the day because the organization believes that ‘The phrase â€Å"information is power† is just part of the story. The Right to information is an enabling and empowering right which has taken the world by storm over the past two decades, but it cannot be fully realized without the forth pillar of democracy: a free media.’ (ARTICLE 19, 2010, p. 1). With all these several actions made by different industries, organizations and citizens, the world will d efinitely attain press freedom. Despite all the crisis and trials that every nation is facing, this celebration clearly depicted that the world is up for the challenge.Reference listARTICLE 19. (2010). World Press Freedom Day: Free Media and Freedom of Information. London, United Kingdom: Free Word Centre.Forthcoming in Graziano, P. Vink, M. eds. (2006). Europeanization: New Research Agendas. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Fransman, M. (2002). Mapping the Evolving Telecoms Industry: The Uses and Shortcomings of the Layer Model. Published Dissertation, Institute for Japanese-European Technology Studies, University of Edinburgh, Old College South Bridge, EH8 9 YL Edinburgh, United Kingdom. (Elsevier Science Reproduction Service no. PII:S 0 3 0 8 5 9 6 1 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 0 2 7 – 7) Retrieved 9 May 2010, from Elsevier Science Ltd.General Law of Access to Information, PL. 5228, N/A., N/A. (2009)Solum, L. B. Chung, M. (2003). The Layers Principle: Internet Architecture and the Law. Published research, Public Law and Legal Theory Research, School of Law, University of San Diego, California. Retrieved 9 May 2010, Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection.

Atlantic Slave Trade and its effect on economy essays

Atlantic Slave Trade and its effect on economy essays The Atlantic Slave Trades Effect on Africas Economy The African continent has long been a source of slaves for different regions of the earth. From as early as the ninth century Muslim countries benefited from the use of African slavery. Furthermore, the use of slaves has a long history within the continent of Africa itself. In the latter half of the fifteenth century, the meaning of slavery changed forever with the discovery of the New World and European trade on the coast of Africa. In 1472, Portuguese explorers became the first Europeans to arrive in Africa. They brought with them brass and copper, and exchanged these goods for pepper, cloth and slaves. For a short time the Portuguese enjoyed monopoly over the trade with Africa, then in the sixteenth century the English arrived followed by the French and other European nations. The English soon dominated the business of removing young Africans from their native soil to work in mines or on plantations in the New World. This triangular trade between Europe, the New World and Africa allowed the European countries to develop their economies at the expense of the African people. The effects of the Atlantic slave trade on Africas economy were devastating because it permanently created an economic system that diverted resources from the indigenous people. Africans became the ultimate solution to the labor shortage in the New World. The demand for African slave labor arose from the development of plantation agriculture and the demand for miners. Africans had a higher immunity to malaria and yellow fever compared to the Europeans and Native Americans. They were also skilled laborers with experience in tropical agriculture. These factors made them well suited for plantation life and the demand for them continued to increase from the seventeenth century onwards. At first, the E...

Art And Its Influence On Art Essay Abstract art, History of painting

Abstract art is a distortion for visual effect of some object that actually exists. Abstract art uses a visual language of shape, form, color, and lines to create a work that could live with a certain amount of independence from visual mentions in the world. Three art movements that contributed to the development of abstract art were Romanticism, Impressionism and Expressi... ...e viewed in our reality. Nonrepresentational art takes nothing from reality, it is created purely for artistic reasons. Representational art describes artwork–particularly paintings and sculptures–which are clearly derived from real object sources, and therefore are by definition representational. Since the arrival of abstract art in the early twentieth century, the term figurative has been used to refer to any form of modern art that retains strong references to the real world. If someone would have approached me a month ago and told me what art was or the categories, I would have known the answer. I believe now that the connection between what the artist tries to achieve and what he achieves through the art work is what classifies art. If what the artist tried to portray is understood by a minimum of one person in the world, I would consider this a piece of art.

Binge Drinking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Binge Drinking - Research Paper Example Binge drinking is not a good thing to be practiced and inevitably can cause destruction to physical and psychological health of a person. Binge drinking is an activity predominately activity among college students rather than any other group in a community. According to (Wolberg,23-39),â€Å"The number of students who drink with the intent of getting drunk has increased from 40% to47%, and the number of "frequent" binge drinkers, defined as those who binged at least three times in the last two weeks, has increased from 20% to23%†.The college students who are youngsters indulge in binge drinking because they mostly get intimidated or influenced by their mates and peers. These people are less educated about the after affects of alcoholism and get caught in the intoxicative experience of alcohol. Being young they are very impulsive, and does not have a control on their senses and end up being binge drinking victims. The Binge drinking phenomena does not only react on the physical and mental well being of a person but bring about lot of calamities to the social arena and people existing in it. It is understood by research that, college students drink alcohol with a sole purpose of getting drunk. Once they are drunk they are devoid of their senses and involve in frights, raping, social violence and other outrageous activities. It also badly hampers their education purposes and makes them alcohol addicted people who serve no value to the society. It is seen that, white college student engage more in binge drinking than black students.â€Å"Only 16.5 percent of African-American college students had engaged in binge drinking, about one third the rate for white college students, which then stood at 48.1 percent†. Mostly black college students refrain from drinking alcohol as they do not take is as a so called â€Å"cool thing†. Additionally most of them belonging to poor social class cannot afford to buy alcohol. The students as they turn major, is already victimized to alcohol, and this affect they thinking and responding ability. It is not a wrong thing to consume alcohol, but the drinking process should not get out of control so as to put their health at risk. Most of the college students being away from home town enjoy a sense of freedom which makes them get influenced by alcohol excessively.Additionally, their parents and family members are away and they have nobody to control their activities. It is a saddening fact that college students in their productive years get accustomed to binge drinking and lose their opportunity to build foundation of their future career. It is seen that youngsters who get started with alcohol consumption around the age of 19 are more likely to be under its influence in future and become heavy binge drinkers. Unfortunately, people like this also drives under alcohol intoxication and meet with accidents and lose their lives. As per (CSPI) â€Å"Frequent binge drinkers are 21 times more likely t han non-binge drinkers to miss classes, engage in vandalism, be injured or hurt, engage in unplanned sexual activity†. Since minors are less matured and also less educated about the aftermaths of binge drinking, end up in worst disasters under the influence of various alcoholic beverages. When college students get intoxicated, they like to explore activities which are bizarre and end up getting hurt or injured. There are

Brown and the Board of Education Research Paper

Brown and the Board of Education - Research Paper Example On May 1954, Landmark civil rights decision was issued by the Supreme Court. The decision declared segregated schools as unconstitutional, thus Doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ schools reached an end. In 1992, George W. Bush signed the Public Law to commemorate the Brown decision of 1954. Background: During much of the American history, federal government dealt with racial issues and disparities by drawing an invisible yet authoritative line between black and white populations. One such attempt was the racial segregation or hyper segregation of white and black children in public schools under the Doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ schools. In Brown v. Board of Education case, brown refers to the one of the most famous fathers of America, Oliver Brown. Oliver Brown decided to seek legal redress when his daughter Linda Brown Thompson was refused enrollment in a white elementary school in Topeka, Kansas. Oliver Brown filed the case against segregated schools in 1 951 in Topeka. The following paper traces the footsteps of plaintiffs as well as the origins of one of the most important Supreme Court decision in American history, which not only molded the future of Topeka, but ultimately changed the entire nation. Brown v. Board of Education: In accordance with various sources, Oliver Brown is considered as a Lead Plaintiff in Brown v. Board of Education case. However, Charles Scott Jr. claims that Oliver Brown was not a lead plaintiff but in fact his father along with Mr. Burnett and the NAACP drove the case. It is important to note that the legally mandated, segregation of public schools was not challenged for the first time by the Brown case. Previously, the segregation had also been challenged in the year 1849, by a Boston lawsuit. Furthermore, 11 lawsuits filed cases against legally mandated, segregation of public schools in Kansas, between 1881 and1949. On October 1, 1951, other law suits filed against segregation of school systems in Virg inia, Delaware, South Carolina and District of Columbia. These cases were combined with the Brown case in order to make the overall case strong enough to be presented in America’s highest court. The official name given to the combined cases was Oliver L. Brown et al. v. The Board of Education of Topeka, et al. The case for the Brown plaintiffs was meticulously and authoritatively argued in the Supreme Court by NCAAP legal counsel Thurgood Marshall, who became the first African American to argue a case in the American Supreme Court. On May 17, 1954, a unanimous landmark decision was issued by the United States Supreme Court regarding the Oliver L. Brown et al. v. The Board of Education of Topeka, et al case, which declared the hyper segregation of children in public schools unconstitutional. The Decision was read by Earl Warren, who at that time was the Supreme Court Chief Justice. Following is part of the statement he read: â€Å"We conclude that in the field of public educa tion the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.† (Patterson et al 2001). The Supreme Court declared that racial segregation has a detrimental effect not only on African American children

Malta in World War II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8500 words

Malta in World War II - Essay Example However after Benito Mussolini came to power, these relationships deteriorated as Italy clandestinely supported conflicts in British territories in the Mediterranean from the late 1920s onwards (1). Owing to the strategic location of Malta it was an important stronghold for either the Axis or allied powers - particularly, the island is at the heart of the Mediterranean between Libya and Italy. It had been, ever since 1800, after two years of Napoleonic invasion, a division of the British Empire, its geographical significance had been recognized by Britain for the whole occupation. It was for this reason used as a major military and naval fort throughout this time. Malta occurred to be the only military headquarters between Gibraltar and Egypt. In spite of its position, the British had shifted the headquarters of Mediterranean Fleet Navy from Valletta, Malta in the mid-1930s to Alexandria, Egypt. Despite the fact that there were apprehensions that the island, a long way from Britain and near Italy, could not be protected, British Government resolved in July 1939 to raise the number of anti-aircraft guns and fighters on Malta (2). British government had other worries about whether to retain the island in May 1940 when the French Prime Minister, Paul Reynaud, stated that the state of affairs in France was horrible, however that Italy might be pacifies with the surrendering of Malta. After some deliberation, Winston Churchill persuaded the British War Cabinet that no surrendering should be made (3). Nevertheless, while Britain itself endangered, Malta was not the main concern for the British, so Malta was under-resourced when Italy declared war on Britain on 10 June 1940. At that time only 4,000 troops and a few outdated bipl anes were based on the island, with 5 weeks' of food. However, the island was a strategic danger to Italy and the Axis powers. Malta's anti-shipping squads and Royal Navy submarines were a prospective danger to supply and communications between Europe, Italy and North Africa. During most of the siege William Dobbie was Governor of Malta. Whilst in Malta, he was criticized for his attitude to organization in the siege and for what opponents claim to have been an objectionable holdup in the establishment of bomb shelters in addition to employing effective food-rationing and creating an efficient civil-defense system. Issues surrounding the delivery of armaments were also a condemnation. In May 1942 Field Marshal the Right Hon. John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort removed Dobbie. First Phase of Siege of Malta On 11 June 1940, the day after Italy declared war on Britain and France, airplanes of the Italian Royal Air Force attacked Malta. Most of its land forces had been placed for the imminent invasion of Greece, so Italy employed airborne offensive to check Malta from being a danger. On the first day, ten Italian Cant bombers dropped bombs on Grand Harbour, Hal Far, and Kalafrana. In seven attacks, 11 civilians and 6 soldiers were killed. As well, about 130 civilians and some troops were wounded. At the time, the combatant aircraft in Malta comprised a few outdated Gloster Sea Gladiator biplanes. A common legend is that the air

HYBRID ENERGIES Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HYBRID ENERGIES - Research Paper Example The most striking feature is its very low negative impact on the environment, especially of the small hydropower plants (Our Energy, 2010). This is because the large-scale plants, although producing no waste products like gases and fumes, effect the surrounding ecology by disrupting the ecosystem and laying a waste to the soil in terms of agriculture (Our Energy, 2010). Hence, of late, the small-scale power plants, which can be set up on local water supply pipelines and, therefore, not radically shifting the ecosystem, are preferred (Our Energy, 2010). Another near-zero negative impact hybrid energy comes from the solar thermal technology (Solar Thermal Energy, 2008). This is the most favored form of the hybrid energies, and is increasingly becoming cheaper than the conventional fuels to both harness and maintain (Solar Thermal Energy, 2008). The point focus form of this technology is much more efficient than the other forms, almost double the efficiency (Solar Thermal Energy, 2008). This means that to produce the same amount of energy, it will have the least negative balance on the environment. The highest negative balance on the environment comes from the burning of fossil fuels (Postnote, 2006). Even from among these traditional fuels, coal has the highest carbon footprint, reaching to a level of more than 1,000 gCO2eq/kWh (Postnote, 2006).

Decision-Making and Corporate Restructuring Essay

Decision-Making and Corporate Restructuring - Essay Example This relevant process is described based on the perception and management style of its influential leader, Mr William S. Stravopoulos. In the past few years, Dow Chemical has been undergoing massive restructuring as indicated by the changes in its product lines. It is observed to be focusing on chemistry-related businesses for the company to achieve its goals - both in the short-term and long-term. For Mr Stravopoulos, making major decisions should start with the critical analysis of the products offered by the company and the business in which it is in as a whole. This initially entails the identification of the company's strengths or core competencies. This stage also requires distinguishing the areas in which the company can never excel due to the presence of formidable competitors or lack of technical know-how. Decisions are then made based on these areas identified by the company where its core competencies or weaknesses lie. As per the CEO's style, Dow Chemical opted to divest business units with lackluster performance and focus its resources on the core competencies noted. This sets the general direction of restructuring (Hodgetts) Moreover, decision-making should be planned carefully and done systematically. It involves systematic thinking in which a game plan is conceived. The game plan comprises of the step-by-step procedures or strategically phased courses of action. This means that after determining the company's business objectives, formulating of strategies for the achievement of these goals follows. In the case of Dow Chemical, its business objectives emphasize improvement of quality, reduction of operating cost, change of company culture and fostering of growth. To achieve these, the company came up with a corporate plan divided into two phases - the positioning stage and growth stage. The positioning phase focuses on the achievement of the first three objectives. When these are accomplished, the growth phase wherein the company aims for expansion commences. (Hodgetts) Another important factor in decision-making is the sharing of relevant information. Key people should be sufficiently aware of what is happening in the company. When people know what is going on, Mr Stravopoulos believes that they could make better decisions expediently. This is beneficial for the company because people are empowered to make good and timely decisions as well as lessen corporate bureaucracy. (Hodgetts) Furthermore, the CEO believes that well-informed decision-making is an integral part of the business. As such, Dow Chemical invests substantially in research and development (Hodgetts). Not only would extensive research and development contribute valuable information for decision-making, but they also drive continuous product innovation. In running a business, specifically for corporate restructuring, difficult decisions will have to be made. The Dow CEO is confronted with tough decisions like company downsizing, which is often a highly emotional undertaking (Hodgetts). However, such decisions would have to be made if the success of the company is desired. This means that in decision-making both the short term and long term aspects of the business should be taken into consideration. Employees may have a negative

International business finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

International business finance - Essay Example The report also explores re-domiciling of IFM Plc from France to Monaco, in which the report establishes that there is a logical point of view based on a business perspective. In addition, the report addresses the plans set put by the company in expanding into Asia (India and China) that will require about â‚ ¬250 million. Although, the expansion will deliver growth of about 5% in the next five years and is worth undertaking, it carries high risks connected to the massive investment required. The high gearing level of 88% indicates that IFM Plc is significantly exposed to financial risk. The report outlines options that the company can implement to lower its gearing level and attract funding; however, this remains uncertain owing to the interplay of factors involved. In this section, the reports explore the diverse sources of finance that IFM Plc can utilize in its expansion into Asia and the factors that impact on the sources of finance. The report analyzes and appraises prospective venture between IFM Plc and a German subsidiary (EMF Plc), re-domiciling from France to Monaco and pursuing with its expansion efforts into Asia. Indeed, such a move will make sense since the bulk of the business operations are run in Monaco; nevertheless, such a move could hurt the company’s image since it will be purely for profit and the shareholders may not welcome the idea. In the analysis, the report illuminates the operational and strategic challenges that can create costs and benefits in re-domiciling the business into Monaco. The expansion into Asia will help the company to gain access to fresh markets into India and China, especially given that India and China are high-growth countries. The joint venture represents a legal entity that takes the nature of the partnership involved in the joint undertaking of a certain transaction for mutual benefit. As such, the two enterprises jointly undertake a certain transaction for mutual profit, contribute assets and share

Decision-Making and Corporate Restructuring Essay

Decision-Making and Corporate Restructuring - Essay Example This relevant process is described based on the perception and management style of its influential leader, Mr William S. Stravopoulos. In the past few years, Dow Chemical has been undergoing massive restructuring as indicated by the changes in its product lines. It is observed to be focusing on chemistry-related businesses for the company to achieve its goals - both in the short-term and long-term. For Mr Stravopoulos, making major decisions should start with the critical analysis of the products offered by the company and the business in which it is in as a whole. This initially entails the identification of the company's strengths or core competencies. This stage also requires distinguishing the areas in which the company can never excel due to the presence of formidable competitors or lack of technical know-how. Decisions are then made based on these areas identified by the company where its core competencies or weaknesses lie. As per the CEO's style, Dow Chemical opted to divest business units with lackluster performance and focus its resources on the core competencies noted. This sets the general direction of restructuring (Hodgetts) Moreover, decision-making should be planned carefully and done systematically. It involves systematic thinking in which a game plan is conceived. The game plan comprises of the step-by-step procedures or strategically phased courses of action. This means that after determining the company's business objectives, formulating of strategies for the achievement of these goals follows. In the case of Dow Chemical, its business objectives emphasize improvement of quality, reduction of operating cost, change of company culture and fostering of growth. To achieve these, the company came up with a corporate plan divided into two phases - the positioning stage and growth stage. The positioning phase focuses on the achievement of the first three objectives. When these are accomplished, the growth phase wherein the company aims for expansion commences. (Hodgetts) Another important factor in decision-making is the sharing of relevant information. Key people should be sufficiently aware of what is happening in the company. When people know what is going on, Mr Stravopoulos believes that they could make better decisions expediently. This is beneficial for the company because people are empowered to make good and timely decisions as well as lessen corporate bureaucracy. (Hodgetts) Furthermore, the CEO believes that well-informed decision-making is an integral part of the business. As such, Dow Chemical invests substantially in research and development (Hodgetts). Not only would extensive research and development contribute valuable information for decision-making, but they also drive continuous product innovation. In running a business, specifically for corporate restructuring, difficult decisions will have to be made. The Dow CEO is confronted with tough decisions like company downsizing, which is often a highly emotional undertaking (Hodgetts). However, such decisions would have to be made if the success of the company is desired. This means that in decision-making both the short term and long term aspects of the business should be taken into consideration. Employees may have a negative

Opinions on Stereotypes Essay Example for Free

Opinions on Stereotypes Essay Webster’s Dictionary defines the word â€Å"stereotype† as a simplified and standardized conception or image of a person, group, etc. , held in common by members of a group. (1265) Many people create stereotypes of an entire group of people based off a single person. There are several different stereotypes that exist amongst society today in many different forms. Most churches and religious affiliated organizations condemn homosexuality which causes less gays to be open about their faith. This brings upon the stereotype that the gay community is not religious at all. This, however, has been proven false. According to Dan Giloff’s article, â€Å"While 72 percent of straight American adults describe their faith as ‘very important’ in their lives, so do 60 percent of gays and lesbians. †(par. 3), the gay community has plenty of religious affiliates now; The United Church of Christ now ordains ministers. Other religious groups are following in their footsteps, making moves to open their doors to the gay community. The people of the gay community are stereotyped heavily in society. Gay men are said to be obsessed with fashion, have great style, have a caddy attitude with very strong opinions, a love for dogs and are destined to be hairdressers, stylists, Broadway dancers, or fashion designers. Lesbians have plenty as well, such as: they move fast in relationships, dress manly, work in some kind of construction field, wear flannel, and hate men. These are all huge generalizations. Although gay men and lesbians may fall under some of these categories, not all do. People have too many factors that make up their identity, so it is unfair to set a certain list of characteristics to them. One of the most common stereotypes is gender stereotyping, which can be limiting to men and women in the world today. Throughout the years there have been plenty of stereotypes placed on women. One being that the woman should always be in the house cooking, cleaning, and tending to their spouses with no complaints. The culture of today has cultivated an image of women, saying that they are outspoken and have strong opinions about anything, that they spend all your money, that they are extremely demanding, and do nothing but gossip and shop endlessly. Women have worked towards breaking this stereotype by taking a stand over many decades and actually making many breakthroughs. Although that is a big stereotype involving women, there is research that shows women are â€Å"typically categorized in 3 primary clusters: traditional (e. g. homemaker), nontraditional (e. g. career woman) and sexy. † (Psychology of women quarterly). In an article from Psychology of Women Quarterly, scientists did research showing that career women held jobs in higher status while the sexier women held more appeal for the lower status, more feminine occupations. A sexier dressed woman showed to invoke negative emotion while also making people think incompetence was inevitable. Where as a more career based woman showed to be looked at as more of a leader figure that was prepared to take care of business at any cost. While Women are stereotyped to be a homemaker or a career woman, men too have sterotypes. Men have been stereotyped as being stupid and sex-obsessed people only worried about the next sports game; or weathly businessmen who cheat on their wives constantly with the closest woman in his office. Contrary to most women’s belief, there are plenty of men who are hardworking businessmen who have happy and loving home lives. Men live above this stereotype all the time. The blonde has two sides, the positive side where blondes are considered to be alluring and desirable. Then there is the negative side, where they are perceived as not being too intelligent and don’t use their common sense to figure out things; they rather rely on their looks than their intelligence. The hair color is often associated with â€Å"floosies†, â€Å"airheads†, or â€Å"ditzy† women. This is a very broad stereotype because there are many smart and successful blond women in society amongst the governments, school systems, and many other places. According to Harriet Brown, â€Å"In landmark 2003 research from the University of Pennsylvania, more than half of the 620 primary-care doctors surveyed characterized their obese patients as ‘awkward,’ ‘unattractive,’ ‘ugly,’ and ‘noncompliant‘ the latter meaning that they wouldnt follow recommendations. More than one-third of the physicians regarded obese individuals as ‘weak willed,’ ‘sloppy,’ and ‘lazy. ’† (par. 3). The stereotypes placed upon obese people usually falls under the words the doctors stated in the study from the article. Most people over look that it could be a medical condition causing such weight gain in obese people. They see the weight and automatically assume that it was a choice based upon laziness and lack of drive. People do not look beyond what they see, which creates plenty of false accusations. While there are many lifestyles that are stereotyped, such as, people assume if your gay; you must have aids, if your atheist; you must hate the world, if you have no religion; you must not have any morals, etc. One in particular is if you’re a biker you like to party hard, have tattoos and are a criminal. However, as much as people who ride motorcycles love the smell of fresh air and the open road, different riding styles are associated with different lifestyles and are completely diverse Racial stereotypes are in abundance in today’s world as well as throughout history. Most associate themselves with racist thoughts. Asians must be smart, Arabs must be terrorists, Irish must have drinking problems, Italians must be in the Mafia, Germans must be Nazi’s, African Americans must be in gangs, whites must be nerds, etc. These stereotypes can be wrong and hurtful in many situations. One public incident from any person of any race can create a stereotype. Society places people they don’t know much about or they don’t understand into classifications, thinking that people who look like them will act the same. Media plays a role in creating all of these stereotypes although people play the biggest role in creating them. It is human nature to notice the difference between themselves and others before the similarities. Media is still held responsible for a lot of the creation because not only does it use pictures of a generalized group to show how a person may look, but media also uses stereotypes as comedic entertainment on popular shows and movies. The romantic movies of today ,as well as in the past, depict very heavily the gender stereotypes placed upon men and women. They always show the â€Å"knight in shining armor who saves the damsel in distress† story, the men always sticking to their â€Å"typical† man stereotype and the women always to theirs. Media does influence our views and thoughts about people and does encourage generalizations about certain classifications of people. People to this day still fight with being held under heavy stereotyping. Society places an immense amount of merit on these loose generalizations. This sadly makes it hard for a lot of the people who do not fall under them and do break free from these stereotypes. While there is some truth to a lot of stereotypes, people need to understand one person cannot define an entire group of people. Whether a stereotype is negative or positive, they both exist and are limiting and leave no room for individuality. Works Cited Brown, Harriet. Does Your Doctor Make You Feel FAT? Prevention 63. 7 (2011): 26-33. Academic Search Premier. Web. 11 Nov. 2011. Gilgoff, Dan. Fighting the Gay-As-Godless Stereotype. U. S. News Digital Weekly 1. 23 (2009): 12. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. Heather Branstiter, et al. Evaluations of Sexy Women in Low- And High-Status Jobs. Psychology of Women Quarterly 29. 4 (2005): 389-395. Academic Search Premier. Web. 11 Nov. 2011.

Causes and Effects of the Second Boer War

Causes and Effects of the Second Boer War THE SECOND BOER WAR â€Å"Account for the outbreak of the South African War† Table of Contents (Jump to) Part I: Outline; Part II: Background to the War; Part III: The Jameson Raid; Part IV: Aftermath of the Raid; Part V: Course and Effects of the War References ________________________________________________________________________ Part I:  Outline This paper is a descriptive narration of the Second Boer War, also called the South African War. Since the crux of the thesis question is the actual outbreak of the war, this paper lays emphasis to its background, which dates to the time of rivalry between the Afrikaners and the British in South Africa. In this part, a reference to the First Boer War becomes unavoidable, because understanding the second war without relation to the first war is without foundation, since the two constitute a continuum of events. However, the description of the first war is very brief. In devoting greater space to the second war, it explains this from its starting point, the policy of heavy taxation on the high number of uitlanders by the beleaguered Boers. It then makes a detailed exposition of the episode that actually precipitated the war, the Jameson Raid, with an illustration of the event, the people involved in it, and the importance of this event. It then proceeds to illustrate the significant st atistics of the war, its results and its legacy. Part II: Background to the War   A proper understanding of the Boer War necessitates a look into the backdrop of the history of colonisation of the continent by European countries and their stiff competition with each other for control. Following British attempts to dominate the Afrikaners or the Boers, consisting mostly of the Dutch in the early part of the 19th century, the Afrikaners fled eastwards in large numbers in search of empty lands, in an exodus called the ‘Great Trek’, (Walker, 1934, p. 59) where they came into confrontation with Zulu tribal warlords, subdued them and created the independent territories of Natal, Transvaal and Orange Free State. The chance discovery of diamonds in Kimberley accentuated Afrikaner-British hostility. It was in this scenario that the British tried to defeat the Afrikaners for control of these mines. In January 1879, the Zulus, numbering 22,000 routed the British comprehensively. Although they were able to re-establish their hold in just six months, a regrouped r esistance under the premier, Paul Kruger in late 1880-early 1881 captured Majuba, a British stronghold, signalling British defeat in what is referred to as the First Boer War. (Chamberlain, 1996, pp. 267-282) The roots of the Second Boer War were also economic in nature, and reached their full potential for conflict under some individuals committed single-mindedly and almost fanatically to the growth of the British Empire. As Britain was licking its wounds, the discovery of another precious metal, this time gold, in Witwatersrand ignited its appetite for conquest. The most important figure around whom the second war revolved was Cecil Rhodes. This quintessential imperialist and diehard believer in Anglo-Saxon racial superiority, who made his fortune at the Kimberley mines and had become a millionaire at 24, scaled the political ladder of South Africa with luck, enterprise and guile. He also fitted the bill in the context of the dynamics of the empire at the time. When the empire felt it was losing out rapidly to America and Germany in terms of industrial growth and the navy, its pride, it tacitly encouraged such self-financed, maverick entrepreneurs in opportunities such as those present in Kimberley. (Denis Judd, 1996, pp. 117-119) Cecil Rhodes, referred to sometimes as the ‘Colossus of Africa’, could take credit for giving the British Empire two new eponymous colonies, having a country named after him, and rising to become one of the world’s richest man of his time. (Daily Mail, 14th Sept. 1996, p. 32) Rhodes was one of the several people from many nations who had come to exploit these mines and build a fortune; these outsiders, or uitlanders, as they were called, soon started outnumbering the Boers, by a ratio of anywhere between 4:1 and 10:1. The Boers, apprehensive about losing their clout, denied them franchise, which the uitlanders saw as a rejection of a right; Kruger’s rationale for denying them the franchise was that if they were given it, they might demand the Republic, too. The more glaring reasons were economic and social, for most of the money that was being made from the mines was reaching foreign hands. (Marais, 1961, pp. 1 and 2) So, the government of Kruger passed laws discriminating against the uitlanders, most of whom were British. These laws required lengthy periods of residence to qualify for the franchise, levy of excessive taxes, and exclusion from the lucrative liquor trade, in which the Boers held monopoly. (Olson Shadle, 1996, p. 46) The social factor was no less important –the gold that was struck in the Rand was in the most backward area of the Republic. The Boers who had been living here were poor, and were graziers for several generations. This stood in stark contrast to the highly urbanised and educated average uitlander gold prospector, irrespective of which country he came from, thus aggravating the difficulty in assimilation with the uitlanders. (Marais, 1961, pp. 1 and 2) Part III:  The Jameson Raid Deciding to launch a direct, frontal attack on the Boers right into the heartland of Transvaal to teach them a lesson for their acts was Leander Starr Jameson. A doctor by profession, he had earned Rhodes’ trust and had risen to the position of Resident Commissioner immediately after the absorption of the important British territory, Bechuanaland, into Cape Town. (Sillery, 1952, pp. 77, 78) Owing accountability to Rhodes and not to the Crown, Jameson carried out what was to become one of the most important milestones in the colony. (1963, p. 108) The enterprise had the blessing of Rhodes, who was now the Prime Minister of Cape. With the huge resources and money he had at his disposal, he sponsored a major part of the raid. His motive for backing the raid was to remove the homespun and uneducated Boers once and for all from the mining business and the political establishment of Transvaal, and to unite all the uitlanders under the British banner. (Olson Shadle, 1996, p. 46) He helped Jameson purchase guns; these were transported legally till as far as Kimberley, till where he held command. Beyond this point, they were transported under camouflage using the De Beers Company which he owned, as conduit. (Rotberg Shore, 1988, p. 265) The plan was to attack the government from Pitsani, a coveted and extremely crucial area on the border with Transvaal. Rhodes took a little time to fix the date for the raid; during this time, Joseph Chamberlain, Colonial Secretary, was aware that the raid was being planned, and that a force had been stationed already on the border, but was not sure when it would materialise. (Lockhart Woodhouse, 1963, p. 314) The High Commissioner for South Africa, Sir Henry Loch, too, calculated that a British occupation of the Transvaal was the surest way of reasserting its supremacy. The suspicion in London at this time was that the Kruger administration was in close contact with the German Kaiser, Wilhelm II, and that their alliance would wreck Britain’s interests. They also feared German designs on another important post, Delagoa Bay. In a situation like this, Chamberlain had expressed with apprehension the feeling that â€Å"[t]he German inclination to take the Transvaal under (Boer) protection is a very serious thing. To have them meddling at Pretoria and Johannesburg would be fatal to our position and our influence in South Africa† (Robinson, Gallagher Denny, 1961, p. 419) It was speculated that the raid would happen anytime in the middle of December. The date placed Chamberlain in a piquant situation, since his mind was preoccupied with the spat England was having with the US over the Venezuelan border. If the raid got postponed, his attention towards an equally pressing matter would have been diverted, and his position endangered. Accordingly, he wanted the raid to either happen right then, or be postponed for a year or two. On the other hand, Rhodes kept vacillating because he wanted the raid to take place on December 27, when a national conference of Kruger’s party, the National Union was to take place, which would divert the Boers’ attention. Jameson, however, was restless; he was already up in Pitsani with members of the Mashonaland Mounted Police, and with 300 other police in Bechuanaland. His logic was that if the raid got postponed beyond the first week of January, the Boers would get scent of it. Sensing that the disagreement ov er the issue of the date would be fatal to the execution of his plan, he took the plunge himself, and started the attack on December 29, taking the Boers by surprise, but also causing utter shock and disbelief in Rhodes and Chamberlain. (Lockhart Woodhouse, 1963, pp. 315-324) Part IV:  Aftermath of the Raid Far from having the desired result, the plan that Rhodes, Chamberlain and others had devised went awry. Rather than intimidate the Boers, it jolted them into action. First, the army led by Kruger humiliated the doctor and took him captive. (Cecil, 1989, p. 285) By 1899, the Boers’ retaliation, led again by Kruger, had turned into a full-fledged war against the British, an outcome that came to be known as the Second Boer War. Britain fought this war, the culmination of the frantic efforts of three competing European powers, Britain, France and Germany in the great game for the control of Africa, known by the popular appellation, ‘Scramble for Africa’ because what was at stake was not only wealth, but the very prestige of the British Empire. (Pakenham, 1993, p. 105) Starting with an army of 12,000 compared with the nearly 60,000 on the Boer side, the British sustained heavy losses initially, when the Boers invaded the British strongholds of Natal, Rhodesia and Cape Colony, in addition to laying siege on Ladysmith, Mafeking and Kimberley. It was when Lord Frederick Roberts replaced Sir Redvers Bullers as Commander-in-Chief that fortunes gradually began to change. (Olson Shadle, 1996, p. 46) When the Boers seemed unrelenting, within the first six months, Britain’s ablest commanders, Paul Roberts and Kitchener, led a great battle, in which they defeated Kruger. The Boers were compelled to surrender Pretoria, as also retire from Natal and Cape Colony. Although Kruger fled into exile, the Boers continued to resist through guerrilla warfare and frustrate the British. It was not until 1902 that they could finally put an end to the war. (Townsend Peake, 1941, p. 86) The outbreak of the war led to Rhodes’ resignation as Cape’s premier. (Williams, 1921, p. 270) Part V:  Course and Effects of the War The longest war Britain ever fought in the span of a century between the fall of Napoleon in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 and World War I, the Second Boer War was exorbitant for the nation, costing it well over  £ 200 million in taxpayers’ money. The war, during whose course Britain deployed close to half a million men, consumed 22,000 of them, and about a third of this casualty figure on the Boer side. It had a combination of regular and guerrilla warfare. Initially, both sides fought regular field battles; it took the British side almost a year to capture the two capitals, Bloemfontein of Orange Free State and Pretoria of Transvaal. This was the time needed to quell the regular army, but once the two republics resorted to guerrilla tactics to neutralise the loss of their capitals, fortunes reversed. So consummate was the skill of guerrilla tactics on the Boer side that Britain had to take on more than 30,000 of such expert guerrilla fighters in two countries, about the s ize of Western Europe. (Pakenham, 1993, p. 107) The British sought to bring the Afrikaners down to their knees by following a highly controversial policy of imprisoning the wives and children of these guerrilla fighters in concentration camps. This policy was carried out to offset the guerrilla tactic of living off the lands and returning to the farmsteads whenever they ran out of supplies of food and water. (Grundlingh, 1999, p. 21) Unable to survive in the hostile and unhygienic conditions in these camps, close to 28,000 died, in addition to 14,000 slaves. (Pakenham, 1993, p. 107) The enormity of this toll can perhaps be understood if one were to take into account the total population of Afrikaners in the region at that time –it was roughly 10 times the number that lost their lives. In other words, in less than just three years, the population was reduced by a tenth. Some analysts see this is a real forerunner for the concentration camps the Nazis put in place some decades later. Only the size and number of the concentration varied; they were both based on the same ultra-nationalistic, jingoistic designs. (Grundlingh, 1999, p. 21) The political map of Southern Africa was redrawn, by which two districts were annexed from the Transvaal and attached to Natal, in addition to a substantial portion of a third. (Marais, 1961, p. 3) One of the bitter legacies of this war was that rancour was so deeply entrenched in the minds of the Afrikaners towards the British that they would not even have any interaction with each other for nearly the next four decades. (Grundlingh, 1999, p. 21) The war showed up the true nature of British involvement in the country –a greed for gems disguised in the insignificant, near non-issue of citizenship rights for the uitlanders. It also showed the extent to which the British government had fallen prey to the business interests of the mining industry that a handful of Englishmen and Jewish businessmen had come to capture. (Hale, 1940, p. 193) By the terms of the treaty that ended the war, the Vereeniging Treaty, the British agreed to favourable terms, respecting the wishes of the Boers. Among these were liberty to continue with the Dutch language, self-government later to Transvaal and Orange Free State, and no special taxes for meeting war costs. Despite the enormity of the costs, the war and the following treaty paved the way for the union of South Africa. (Townsend Peake, 1941, p. 86) Britain agreed to pay up  £ three million as compensation for the loss of lives, and a loan of  £ 35 million towards reconstruction costs. The victory turned out to be a pyrrhic one, as it led to a complete loss of face politically, since self-government was restored in the two republics, and they would be incorporated into a South African Dominion with total freedom, the same as that enjoyed by nations such as Australia and Canada. (Pakenham, 1993, p. 107) References Benson, J. D., (1996), B., In Historical Dictionary of the British Empire, Olson, J. S. Shadle, R. S. (Eds.) (pp. 93-229), Greenwood Press, Westport, CT. 1996. â€Å"Can TV Really Capture the Incredible Adventures of the Colossus of Africa?†, The Daily Mail (London, England), September 14, 1996, p. 32. Cecil, L., (1989), Wilhelm II: Prince and Emperor, 1859-1900, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC. Chamberlain, J., (1996), VI, â€Å"Boers and Britons in South Africa, 1890-1902.† In Divide and Rule: The Partition of Africa, 1880-1914 (pp. 261-330), Praeger, Westport, CT. Grundlingh, A.,1999, â€Å"The Bitter Legacy of the Boer War†, History Today, Vol. 49, p. 21. Retrieved April 24, 2006, from Questia database. Hale, O. J., (1940), Publicity and Diplomacy: With Special Reference to England and Germany, 1890-1914, D. Appleton-Century, New York. Lockhart, J. G., Woodhouse, C. M. (1963), Cecil Rhodes: The Colossus of Southern Africa, Macmillan, New York. Marais, J. S., (1961), The Fall of Krugers Republic, Clarendon Press, Oxford. D. J., (1996), Empire: The British Imperial Experience from 1765 to the Present, Basic Books, New York. Olson, J. S. Shadle, R. S. (Eds.)., (1996). Historical Dictionary of the British Empire, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT. Pakenham, T., (1993), 5. â€Å"The Boer War†. In Great Powers and Little Wars: The Limits of Power, Ion, A. H. Errington, E. J. (Eds.) (pp. 105-120), Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT. (1963), 4. â€Å"The Age of Rhodes.† In The Politics of Partnership (pp. 75-120), Penguin Books, Baltimore, MD. Robinson, R., Gallagher, J., Denny, A., (1961), Africa and the Victorians: The Climax of Imperialism in the Dark Continent, St. Martins Press, New York. Rotberg, R. I., Shore, M. F., (1988), The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power, Oxford University Press, New York. Sillery, A., (1952), The Bechuanaland Protectorate, Oxford University Press, London. Townsend, M. E., Peake, C. H., (1941), European Colonial Expansion since 1871 (W. C. Langsam, Ed.), J. B. Lippincott, Chicago. Williams, B., (1921), Cecil Rhodes, Henry Holt Company, New York.

Study Drugs: A Students New Best Friend? Essay -- Research Science Sc

Study Drugs: A Student's New Best Friend? Many people who want to lose weight wish there was a â€Å"magic pill† that would eliminate the process of dieting and exercising. Those looking for fun, have the â€Å"love pill† commonly known as ecstasy. In an age where everything comes to us so easily, where feelings don’t have to be felt but chemically induced instead, one might address a common problem college students face hoping to find a simple solution. Stuck in the library with a term paper due the next morning and thoughts of your empty bed just waiting for you is not a far fetched scenario for most college students. A cup of coffee can only do so much and with grades falling as fast as the temperature one resorts to other measures to stay awake. Putting it simply: study drugs. Take Lily* for example, a junior at Northeastern University. Lily tired herself out living the ideal college person’s social life. She slept all day and spent the majority of her night going to clubs, parties and bars around the city. This suited her fine until the dreaded days came when she realized she had two term papers due the next day and a test. Sitting in her room Lily wonders how she can do it all in one night. Just like the overweight she wanted a quick solution. Fortunately, unlike the overweight who don’t have the good fortune of having a pill ready to them, she did. When coming face to face with the aftermath of procrastination some students turn to study drugs. Medication such as Ritalin, Adderall, and Dexederine that are prescribed to those with attention deficit disorder, a neurological disorder that those with poor attention spans are diagnosed with, have proved to give those without the disorder, such as Lily, an extra energy b... ... Internet so I knew exactly what to tell the doctor. After that, he gave me a prescription. Now I am all set.† It is virtually impossible to keep track of those that are using the drug illegally. After all there is not law against college students carrying their own medication. This leaves plenty of opportunity for people to use and abuse the drug. All is not lost. Programs and campaigns around college campuses can help reduce the usage and addiction of study drugs. Lane Health Center at Northeastern University can use multiple measures to prevent study drugs usage by students from various walks of life. For example, alternatives should be offered in order to not only send the message of â€Å"drugs are bad† but also â€Å"there are other things you can do.† "I think people get addicted to what you can accomplish with it more than the actual drug," Lily said.